Honors World History Rome Notes

Ancient Rome
Rome’s Geography
•·Site of Rome chosen for its ______________ and ______________
•·Located on Italian peninsula in center of ______________ Sea
•·Built on______________ hills on Tiber River

The First Romans
•·Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans compete for control of region
•·______________ found original settlement of Rome between 1000 and 500 B.C.
•·______________ native to northern Italy; influence Roman civilization


Early Rulers
•·Around 600 B.C., Etruscan kings begin to rule Rome
•·Kings build Rome’s ______________ and ______________
• ·Romans overthrow ______________ in 509 B.C.
•·Romans found a _____________—government in ____________________________

Patricians and Plebeians
•·Different groups struggle for power in early Roman Republic
•·Patricians—____________________________
•·Plebeians—artisans, merchants, and farmers; ______________, ______________
•·Tribunes—elected representatives ____________ plebeians’ political ______________

Twelve Tables
•·In 451 B.C. officials carve Roman laws on twelve ______________
•·Called Twelve Tables
–basis for ____________________________
•·Laws confirm ____________________________ to protection of the ________
•·Citizenship limited to ____________________________
•·Twelve Tables are hung in the ____________

Government Under the Republic
•·Rome elects two consuls—one to ______________, one to ______________
•·Senate—chosen from Roman ______________; makes foreign, domestic policy
•·Democratic assemblies elect tribunes, make ____________________________people
•·Dictators are leaders ______________ briefly in ____________________________

The Roman Army
•·Roman legion—military unit of __________ infantry; supported by ____________
•·Army is powerful; key factor in ____________________________
Rome Conquers Italy
•·Romans defeat ______________ in north and Greek ______________ in south
•·By 265 B.C., Rome controls Italian peninsula
•·Conquered peoples ________________________; this enables Rome to __________

Rome’s Commercial Network
•·Rome establishes large ____________________________
•·Access to ____________________________ provides many trade routes
•·____________, powerful city-state in North Africa, soon rivals Rome

Punic Wars
•·Rome and Carthage begin Punic Wars—______________ between 264–146 B.C.
•·Rome defeats Carthage, wins Sicily, in _______ 23-year war
•·______________—Carthaginian general—avenges defeat in ______________
•·Attacks Italy through Spain and France, doesn’t take Rome

Rome Triumphs
•·Roman general ______________ defeats ______________ in 202 B.C.
•·Rome destroys Carthage (_______________________ & _______________________), enslaves people in last war (149–146 B.C.)

Economic Turmoil
•·Gap between _______and_______ widens as Roman Republic grows
•·Farmers, former soldiers, lose to large estates; become homeless
•·Two tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, try to help ________, are _____________
•·Civil war—conflict between groups ____________________________

Military Upheaval
•·Military becomes less ______________ and ______________
•·Soldiers recruited from poor; show loyalty only to __________________

Julius Caesar Takes Control
•Military leader Julius Caesar elected _________ 59 B.C.
•·Caesar, Crassus, Pompey form a __________________
–a group of __________________
•·Military victories give Caesar increasing ____________ and _________
•·Pompey fears Caesar’s __________________ and _________ ____
•·Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in ____________________________________
•·Caesar is named ___________________________ in 44 B.C.E
Caesar’s Reforms
•·Caesar makes reforms: grants __________________, creates jobs _________________
•·Group of senators opposes Caesar; kills him on _________ ___. ­­­______B.C.

Beginning of the Empire
•43 B.C., Caesar’s supporters __________________; become _____________________
•_________, _________, _________alliance ends in jealousy, violence
•In 31 B.C, ______________ and _____________ forces are defeated at Actium
•Octavian accepts title of __________________, “exalted one,” and rules Rome
Peace and Prosperity
–_____ _____________
–·Under Augustus, Rome moves from a _________ to an _________
–·Power no longer resides with citizens, but __________________a single ruler
–·200 years of _________ and _________ known as Pax Romana

A Sound Government
•·Augustus, Rome’s __________________, creates lasting system of __________________
–··glorifies Rome with beautiful __________________
–··sets up a __________________ to administer the empire

Agriculture and Trade
•·Agriculture __________________industry in empire; ______% of Romans ________
•·Common _________, denarius, makes trade within empire _________
•·Rome has vast __________________, includes China and India
•·Network of Roman _________ links empire to Persia, Russia

Slaves and Captivity
•·Slavery is a _________ part of Roman life in both _________ and _________
•·Some slaves become __________________; forced to fight to _________

Gods and Goddesses
•·Early Romans honor guardian _________ and _________ Jupiter, Juno, Minerva
•·Worship of _________ becomes part of official religion of Rome

Society and Culture
•·Rich live _________; most people are _________, receive grain from government
•·150 holidays and Colosseum events created to ___________________________

The Rise of Christianity
•Romans Conquer _________
–·Rome conquers Judea, home of Jews; makes it part of empire, A.D. 6
–·Many Jews believe a Messiah, or savior, eventually will free them

•Jesus of Nazareth
–·Jesus—a Jew born in __________________ (around 6 to 4 B.C.), raised in Nazareth
–·At age 30 begins preaching monotheism, Ten Commandments
–·Does good works, reportedly ___________________________
–·Stresses personal relationship with God, love for friends and enemies
A Growing Movement
•·Apostles
–the twelve men who are _________ _______(or pupils) of Jesus
–Jesus ignores _________ and _________; his message appeals to poor

•Jesus’ Death
–·Many Jews view Jesus as the _________; others see him as a _________
–·Roman governor _________ _________ sentences Jesus to be crucified
–·Apostles believe Jesus ascended into heaven after death
–·Christos, Greek word for “savior”; Christianity derived from “_________”
Growth of Christianity
•Followers spread Christianity—new religion based on __________________
•Paul’s Mission
–·Apostle Paul—spends life _________ and _________ Christianity
–·Common languages of _________ and _________ help to spread message
–·Paul stresses Jesus is son of _________who died for __________________
– ·Paul declares that Christianity open to all converts

Jewish Rebellion
•Jews rebel against _________; Romans storm Jerusalem, destroy _________
•Rebellions in A.D. 66, 70, 132 fail; Jews driven from _____________
•Diaspora—centuries of Jewish exile (from Greek word for “dispersal”)
Persecution of the Christians
•·Christians won’t worship __________________; become enemies of Roman rule
•·Roman rulers use _________ as scapegoats for ________________
•·As Pax Romana crumbles, Christians_________ _________, _________, in arena

Christianity’s Expansion
•·Christianity becomes __________________; reasons for widespread appeal:
–embraces __________________
–gives hope to the _________
–appeals to those repelled by ________________ of Roman life
–offers personal relationship with a ________________
–promises eternal ________________ after ________________

Constantine Accepts Christianity
•·Constantine—Roman ________________ battles for control of Rome in A.D. 312
•·Has vision of _____________, Christian symbol; places on soldiers’ shields
•·Believes ________________ helped him win; ________________ Christianity
•·In A.D. 380 Emperor ________________ makes Christianity religion of empire

Early Christian Church
•·Priests direct a single ____________; _____________ supervise numerous churches
•·Apostle Peter—first _________of _______ clergy trace their authority to him
•·Pope—the ________, or ______, of Christian Church; Rome, center of Church

Church Characteristics
•A Single ________________
•·Church leaders compile standard Christian beliefs in ________________________________
•·New Testament added to Hebrew Bible (also called Old Testament)

The Fathers of the Church
•·Early writers and scholars of teachings called ____________ of the Church
•·________________, bishop in North Africa, one of the most important Fathers
•·Stressed receiving ________________ to obtain God’s grace
•·Wrote famous book, The City of God

Fall of the Roman Empire
•The Empire Declines
•·Pax Romana ends in A.D. 180 with death of emperor ________________________________
•·Subsequent emperors unable to govern ___________________________

Rome’s Economy Weakens
•·Hostile tribes outside the empire ________________
•·Inflation—drop in value of ____________and rise in ____________—weakens trade
•·Overworked soil, war-torn farmland leads to ________________

Military and Political Turmoil
•·By third century A.D. Roman military in turmoil
•·Soldiers loyal to ________________, not Rome; commanders fighting for ________________
•·Government enlists mercenaries—foreign soldiers they ________________
•·Average citizens ________________ in the affairs of Rome

Diocletian Reforms the Empire
•·In A.D. 284 Emperor Diocletian restores order, ________________empire in _______
•·Two emperors in ________-________ East, _________-_______ West
•·In A.D. 305 Diocletian retires, rivals compete for power

Constantine Moves the Capital
•·Constantine becomes emperor of ________________ in A.D. 312
•·Seizes Eastern Empire in A.D. 324; moves Roman capital to ________________
•·Byzantium eventually renamed ________________—city of Constantine

Germanic Invasions
•·Mongol nomads from Asia, ________________, invade northern borders of empire
•·Germanic tribes flee Huns, _______ Roman lands, _______ Rome A.D. 410

•Attila the Hun
•·Attila—unites the Huns in A.D. 444; ___________ 70 cities in East
•·Attacks Rome in 452; __________and ___________ prevents victory

The Fall of Rome
•·Last Roman emperor falls to Germans in ___________; end of ____________ Empire
•·East thrives for another thousand years (_______________________)

Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization
•A New Culture Emerges
•·Romans adopt aspects of Greek and Hellenistic culture
•·Results in _________________________, or classical civilization

Roman Fine Arts
•·Romans dev. ______________ sculptures to tell stories ·Artists skil in creating __________, painting frescoes
•·Pompeii—Roman town; ash from volcano eruption A.D. 79 ________________

Learning and Literature
•·Romans borrow from Greek philosophy and literature
•·Poet Virgil writes epic ________________ modeled after Homer’s Greek epics
•·Roman historian ________________ excels in writing factually accurate history
•·Annals and Histories provide comprehensive look at Roman life

The Latin Language
•·________________ was official language of Roman Catholic Church until 1900s
•·Develops into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian
•·More than half the words in English stem from ________________

Master Builders
•Romans pioneer use of ________________; also used domes and ________________
•·Create ________________—structures to bring water into cities, towns

The Legacy of Rome
•Roman System of Law
•·Principles of Roman law form basis of ________________________________

•Rome’s Enduring Influence
•·By preserving and adding to Greek civilization, Rome strengthened_____________________________